Omar Ouda

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is situated in an arid region and faces a chronic challenge to meet its increasing water demand. Riyadh is the capital of KSA and home to about six million people. The water demand is mostly met by groundwater resources (up to 48%), while the desalination plants cover the rest of the water supply requirements. There is a potential risk of a significant gap in water demand–supply due to the retirement of old desalination plants. This study, therefore, developed a probabilistic model to forecast desalinated water demand in Riyadh for domestic purposes up to the year 2040 based on three scenarios: low growth, the most likely (mean), and high growth scenario. The results showed that an investment of about US$6.24, 11.59, and 16.04 billion is required to meet the future domestic water demand of the city for the next 25 years based on low, mean, and high growth scenarios, respectively. Moreover, a strong commitment to public–private partnership is required to remove the fiscal budget burden related to the desalination along with public awareness campaigns to reduce per capita water consumption, upgrading the water tariff system and using renewable energy to run desalination plants.

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), millions of Muslims come to perform Pilgrimage every year. Around one million ton of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in Makkah city annually. The collected MSW is disposed of in the landfills without any treatment or energy recovery. As a result, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contamination of the soil and water bodies along with leachate and odors are occurring in waste disposal vicini-ties. The composition of MSW shows that food waste is the largest waste stream (up to 51%) of the total generated MSW. About 13% of the food waste consists of fat content that is equivalent to about 64 thousand tons per year. This study aims to estimate the production potential of biodiesel first time in Makkah city from fat/oil fractions of MSW and highlight its economic and environmental benefits. It has been estimated that 62.53, 117.15 and 6.38 thousand tons of biodiesel, meat and bone meal (MBM) and glycerol respectively could be produced in 2014. A total electricity potential of 852 Gigawatt hour (GWh) from all three sources based on their energy contents, Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 40.17, 18.33 and 19 MJ/kg, was estimated for 2014 that will increase up to 1777 GWh in 2050. The cumulative net savings from landfill waste diversion (256 to 533 million Saudi Riyal (SAR)), carbon credits (46 to 96 million SAR), fuel savings (146 to 303 million SAR) and electricity generation (273 to 569 million SAR) have a potential to add a total net revenue of 611 to 1274 million SAR every year to the Saudi economy, from 2014 to 2050 respectively. However, further studies including real-time data about annual slaughtering activities and the amount of waste generation and its management are critical to decide optimum waste management practices based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies.

This paper aims to determine the waste-to-energy (WTE) and recycling
value of municipal solid waste (MSW) for developing an integrated solid
waste management (ISWM) system for Lahore, the second largest city in
Pakistan. The overall generated waste in Lahore contains 58% organic
waste, 25% recyclables, and 17% others. The recyclable materials including glass, paper, and plastic are generating US$ 15.3 million per year mostly by informal sector. An estimated production of 0.45 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids with total energy value of 8747.3 TJ or 2.43 TWh can be achieved if the total organic waste stream (0.57 million ton/year) dumped at Saggian landfill site is processed using anaerobic digestion technology. The estimated refused derived fuel (RDF) value for MSW, excluding metals, glass, and other inorganic waste is about 7.71 MJ/kg with total energy potential of 6191.13 TJ or 1.72 TWh/year. The presence of high volatile organic carbon and fixed carbon in textile and paper-related waste confirmed their suitability for incineration process. A significant reduction in the final volume of waste reaching to landfill can be achieved if these WTE technologies and recycling practices are in place. This will make a premise for ISWM system in Lahore based on reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery principles. The recovered
materials and energy will not only generate revenue to fund waste management activities in Lahore, but also protect the River Ravi from waste pollution.

This paper reviews the global status of waste to energy (WTE) technologies as a mean for renewable energy production and municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method. A case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) under this concept was developed. The WTE opportunities in the KSA is undertaken in the context of two scenarios: (1) incineration and (2) refuse derived fuel (RDF) along with bio-methanation from 2012 to 2035. Biomethanation technology can proved to be the most suitable WTE technology for KSA due to (a) availability of high food waste volume (37% of total MSW) that can be used as a feedstock, (b) higher efficiency (25–30%) and (c) lowest annual capital ($0.1–0.14/ton) and operational cost. However, the need for large space for continuous operation might increase operational cost. The RDF has an advantage over incineration due to (a) less annual capital ($7.5–11.3/ton) and (b) operational cost ($0.3–0.55/ton), but the high labor skills requirements will most probably be a limitation, if appropriate training and related infrastructure are not scheduled to be included as a prerequisite. The incineration technology also proves to be an efficient solution with a relatively higher efficiency (25%) and lower operational cost ($1.5–2.5/ton). However, the need for treatment of air and waterborne pollutants and ash within the incineration facility can be the limiting factors for the development of this technology in KSA. In 2012, the power generation potential for KSA was estimated at 671 MW and 319.4 MW from incineration and RDF with biomethanation scenarios respectively, which was forecasted to reach upto 1447 MW and 699.76 MW for both scenarios respectively by 2035. Therefore, WTE technologies, could make a substantial contribution to the renewable energy production in KSA as well as alleviating the cost of landfilling and its associated environmental impacts. However, the decision to select between the two scenarios requires further in-depth financial, technical and environmental analysis using life cycle assessment (LCA) tool.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is a chronic environmental problem in most of the developing countries, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The concept of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is known as one of the several technologies capable of benefiting a society, which desires to reduce fossil-fuel addiction. Currently, there is no WTE facility existing in the KSA. The MSW is collected and disposed in landfills untreated. A substantial increase in the population by 3.4 %/y over the last 35 y coupled with urbanization and raised living standards have resulted in high generation rate of MSW. In 2014, about 15.3 Mt of MSW was generated in KSA. The food and plastic waste are the two main waste streams, which covers 70 % of the total MSW. The waste is highly organic (up to 72 %) in nature and food waste covers 50.6 % of it. An estimated electricity potential of 2.99 TWh can be generated annually, if all of the food waste is utilized in anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities. Similarly, 1.03 and 1.55 TWh electricity can be produced annually if all of the plastics and other mixed waste are processed in the pyrolysis and refuse derived fuel (RDF) technologies respectively. The aim of this paper is to review the prospective WTE technologies in Saudi Arabia. However, the real selection of the conversion technologies will be done in conjunction with the fieldwork on waste characterization and laboratory examination of selected technologies and further socio-economic and environmental evaluations.

Energy consumption in KSA (kingdom of Saudi Arabia) is growing rapidly due to economic development
with raised levels of population, urbanization and living standards. Fossil fuels are currently solely used
to meet the energy requirements. The KSA government have planned to double its energy generating
capacity (upto 120 GW(gigawatts)) by 2032. About half of the electricity capacity of this targeted energy
will come from renewable resources such as nuclear, wind, solar, WTE (waste-to-energy) etc. Natural
zeolites are found abundantly in KSA at Jabal Shamah occurrence near Jeddah city, whose characteristics
have never been investigated in energy related applications. This research aims to study the physical and
chemical characteristics of natural zeolite in KSA and to review its potential utilization in selected WTE
technologies and solar energy. The standard zeolite group of aluminaesilicate minerals were found with
the presence of other elements such as Na, Mg and K etc. A highly crystalline structure and thermal
stability of natural zeolites together with unique ion exchange, adsorption properties, high surface area
and porosity make them suitable in energy applications such as WTE and solar energy as an additive or
catalyst. A simple solidegas absorption system for storing solar energy in natural zeolites will be a cheap
alternative method for KSA. In AD (anaerobic digestion), the dual characteristics of natural zeolite like
Mordenite will increase the CH4 production of OFMSW (organic fraction of municipal solid waste).
Further investigations are recommended to study the technical, economical, and environmental feasibility
of natural zeolite utilization in WTE technologies in KSA.

The principles of preparing ESIA for crude oil and gas pipelines are introduced and various stages of the report
development are presented. The paper is a guideline for preparing an ESIA without any omitted measures of an oil or gas
pipeline. These guidelines are presented in detail and will be handbook of presenting and introducing mitigation measures. It is
aimed at presenting non quantitative ESIA and however at detailed flow of ESIA preparation.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced through rapid population, urbanization, and social-economic growth over the last four decades. KSA population increased from about 7 million in 197 0to more than 27 in 2010. This situation resulted in a massive increase in Municipal Solid Waste (MSA) generation. Currently, KSA generates 14 million tons of MSW annually with an average 1.4 kg/capita/day. The Kingdom is proposing most impressive plan towards renewable energy utilization on the planet including large scale Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities. This research presents roadmap for development of WTE facility in Saudi Arabia and reviews the potential benefits to Saudi economy and environment. The roadmap facility successful development and operation of a WTE facility in Saudi Arabia and includes detailed description of all needed steps towards this goal. A WTE facility will have substantial positive impacts on Saudi economy characterized by new energy sources, jobs and training opportunity, and land saving. The environmental benefits include reduction of global warming gas emission and leachate production, land saving, air quality improvement, and soil and groundwater protection.

Multi objectives model to optimise the economical value of agriculture water use in Gaza Strip. O. Ouda (1), A. Bárdossy (1) (1) Institut fuer Wasserbau, Universitaet Stuttgart Fax: +49-(0)711-685-4746/ e-mail: omar.ouda@iws.uni-stuttgart.de Key words: Multi objectives model, agriculture water use, and Gaza Strip. ============================================================================ Abstract The Gaza Strip faces a serious water shortage problem, with a present water shortage of about

Waste-to-energy (WTE) is a viable option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management
and a renewable energy source. MSW is a chronic problem in Saudi Arabia and more specifically in
Saudi Urban areas. The MSW practices in KSA are simply done by collecting the waste and dumping
it in open landfill sites. KSA is considering WTE as a potential renewable energy source that can
contribute to electricity demand in the Kingdom. This research aims to assess potential contribution
of WTE facility to meet electricity demand in the three main cities in the Western Province of Saudi
Arabia and to provide an alternative solution to landfills. Three scenarios for WTE utilization were
developed: Mass Burn, Mass Burn with recycling, and refused derived fuel (RDF) with biomethanation.
The Mass Burn scenario implies full waste stream incineration; the Mass Burn with recycling
scenario considers segregation of reusable materials and the waste leftover for incineration;
while RDF with biomethanation considers segregation of general waste stream into inorganic
and organic waste and utilizes organic waste for biomethanation and inorganic for RDF. The
analyses were completed for Jeddah, Makkah, and Madina cities; with current total population
of about 6.3 million. The results show that Jeddah has the potential to produce about 180 MW
of electricity based on incineration scenario; about 11.25MW based on incineration with recycling
scenario; and about 87.3 MW based RDF with biomethanation scenario by the year 2032. These values and other two cities values are based on theoretical ideals and they help in identifying the
optimal WTE techniques for each city.